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1.
Mem. Inst. Invest. Cienc. Salud (Impr.) ; 19(2)ago. 2021. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDNPAR | ID: biblio-1337801

ABSTRACT

Los Flavivirus constituyen virus transmitidos por artrópodos, principalmente mosquitos. Pueden producir enfermedades en humanos y animales, también incluyen virus específicos de insectos que solo infectan y se replican en los insectos, no así en vertebrados. En Paraguay los virus dengue, fiebre amarilla y Zika fueron detectados en infecciones humanas, pero los estudios de flavivirus en mosquitos son aún escasos. Por ello, el objetivo del presente estudio fue implementar un sistema de detección de flavivirus en mosquitos en el IICS-UNA. Primero, se organizaron capacitaciones en colecta, preparación de pools y procesamiento por técnicas de RT-PCRs convencionales realizadas por expertos internacionales a profesionales locales (bioquímicos y biólogos). Además, se implementaron planillas de registro de datos y de control de transporte de muestras de los lugares de colectas hasta el IICS-UNA. Se prepararon en total 201 pools de 1 a 35 mosquitos cada uno agrupados por especie, localidad, entre otros criterios. Para asegurar la integridad del RNA extraído se realizó la detección de un control interno (Actina-1), siendo todos los pools positivos para el mismo, 91/201 pools fueron positivos para flavivirus. Se realizó la secuenciación de 19/91 pools positivos para flavivirus identificándose flavivirus de insectos (detectándose principalmente Culex Flavivirus, cell fusing agents Flavivirus y Kamiti river virus), evidenciando la elevada distribución de estos virus. Estos resultados demuestran que fue factible implementar el sistema de detección de flavivirus en mosquitos, lo cual podría contribuir a fortalecer la vigilancia y control de estas virosis, así como el conocimiento sobre la importancia ecológica de flavivirus de insectos


Flaviviruses are viruses transmitted by arthropods, mainly mosquitoes. They can cause diseases in humans and animals, they also include specific insect viruses that only infect and replicate in insects, not in vertebrates. In Paraguay, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses were detected in human infections, but studies of flaviviruses in mosquitoes are still scarce. Therefore, the objective of the present study was the implementation of a flavivirus detection system in mosquitoes at IICS-UNA. First, trainings on collection, pool preparation and processing by conventional RT-PCR techniques were organized by international experts for local professionals (biochemists and biologists). In addition, data log sheets and sample transport control forms from the collection sites to the IICS were implemented. A total of 201 pools of 1 to 35 mosquitoes were prepared, each grouped by species, locality, among others. To ensure the integrity of the extracted RNA, an internal control (Actin-1) detection was performed, all pools being positive for it; 91/201 pools were positive for flaviviruses. The sequencing of 19/91 pools positive for flavivirus was carried out, identifying flavivirus in all cases of insects (mainly detecting Culex Flavivirus, cell fusing agents Flavivirus and Kamiti river virus), evidencing the high distribution of these viruses. These results demonstrate that it was feasible to implement the flavivirus detection system in mosquitoes, which could contribute to strengthen the detection, surveillance and control of these viruses, as well as, the knowledge about the ecological importance of insect flaviviruses


Subject(s)
Animals , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Flavivirus , Culicidae/virology , Paraguay
3.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 28(4): 764-768, Oct.-Dec. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1058004

ABSTRACT

Abstract Due to anthropic environmental changes, vector-borne diseases are emerging worldwide. Ticks are known vectors of several pathogens of concern among humans and animals. In recent decades, several examples of tick-borne emerging viral diseases have been reported (Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Powassan virus, encephalitis virus, heartland virus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus). Unfortunately, few studies addressing the presence of viruses in wild ticks have been carried out in South America. With the aim of detecting flaviviruses and orthobunyaviruses in ticks, we carried out molecular detection in wild ticks collected in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. No Flavivirus-positive ticks were detected; however, we detected activity of Orthobunyavirus in 8 Amblyomma tick specimens. One of those individuals was positive for Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus, which represents the first report of this virus among ticks in South America. Further studies related to the ecology of zoonotic diseases are needed to increase knowledge of this topic, including attempts at viral isolation, full genome sequencing and biological characterization. In this way, we will obtain a better picture of the real risk of ticks as a vector for viral diseases for humans and animals on our continent, where no tick-borne viral disease is known to occur.


Resumo Alterações ambientais causadas pelo homem têm levado à emergência de doenças transmitidas por vetores no mundo. Carrapatos são vetores conhecidos de vários patógenos de importância médica e veterinária, tendo sido reportado nas últimas décadas um grande número de enfermidades virais emergentes transmitidas por eles (vírus da Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia-Congo, vírus Powassan, vírus da Encefalite, vírus Heartland e vírus da Síndrome da Febre Trombocitopênica Severa). Infelizmente, poucos estudos envolvendo a pesquisa de vírus em carrapatos foram conduzidos na América do Sul até o momento, e nas últimas décadas um elevado número de enfermidades virais emergentes transmitidas por estes artrópodes foi relatado. Com o objetivo de investigar a presença de flavivírus e orthobunyavírus em carrapatos, foi conduzida uma análise molecular em espécimes coletados no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Em nenhum carrapato foi detectada a presença de Flavivirus, no entanto, em 8 espécimes do gênero Amblyomma, foi detectada a presença de Orthobunyavirus, dos quais um espécime foi positivo para Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus. Novos estudos relacionados à ecologia de doenças zoonóticas, incluindo tentativas de isolamento viral, sequenciamento completo do genoma e caracterização biológica, são necessários. Desta forma, será possível ter uma base sobre os riscos da transmissão de vírus patogênicos por carrapatos em nosso continente, uma vez que até agora isso é desconhecido.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Ticks/virology , Orthobunyavirus/genetics , Flavivirus/genetics , Phylogeny , Surveys and Questionnaires , Orthobunyavirus/isolation & purification , Orthobunyavirus/classification , Flavivirus/isolation & purification , Flavivirus/classification
4.
Rev. medica electron ; 40(6): 2186-2202, nov.-dic. 2018.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-978727

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN La tutoría en la Educación Superior actual, se desarrolla de forma flexible y se acomoda a cada uno de los estudiantes de acuerdo con su personalidad, intereses, conocimientos, capacidades, nivel de dificultades y avances. Es un sistema de educación que a la vez que atiende las características personales del estudiante de manera individualizada, actúa dentro de un sistema de educación colectiva, contribuyendo a la formación integral de los estudiantes. Dentro de esta modalidad académica juega un papel integrador el tutor ya que es el que realiza el trabajo hombre a hombre en aras de lograr un profesional de la salud con una concepción humana capaz de lograr los reto de la sociedad moderna, además es el eje fundamental en la preparación profesional, por lo que debe ejercer un conjunto de influencias educativas e instructivas para que el estudiante logre apropiarse de las habilidades, hábitos y valores que son indispensables en su formación. El objetivo del trabajo consiste en valorar la tutoría en la educación superior haciendo énfasis en la educación médica (AU).


ABSTRACT Tutorship in the current High Education develops in a flexible way, and is adjusted to every one of the students, according to their personality, interests, knowledge, skills, difficulties level and advances. It is an educational system that, while pays attention to the student's personal characteristics in an individual way, behaves inside a system of collective education, rendering contribution to the comprehensive training of the students. In this academic way, the tutor plays an integrative role, because he is the one who carries out the man-to-man work for the sake of training a health professional with a human conception able of affronting the challenges of the modern society. Besides that, he is the main stone in the professional training, and therefore has to exert a whole of educative and training influences to make the student to develop skills, habits and values that are essential in his training. The objective of this paper is to assess tutorship in High Education, making emphasis in medical education (AU).


Subject(s)
Humans , Vocational Education , Mentors , Education, Medical , Ethics, Medical , Ethics, Professional , Professional Training , Mentoring/ethics , Research , Universities , Mentoring/methods , Teacher Training
5.
Rev. medica electron ; 40(2): 504-512, mar.-abr. 2018.
Article in Spanish | CUMED, LILACS | ID: biblio-1103324

ABSTRACT

La universidad cubana ha crecido en el campo de la metodología de la investigación, y la universidad médica no se queda a la zaga en este sentido. El trabajo de formación para la investigación se sustenta en los diferentes elementos que conforman el Sistema de Ciencia e Innovación Tecnológica (SCeIT). No obstante los esfuerzos realizados se observan dificultades en los Informes de investigación que se presentan para su evaluación, lo que constituye una preocupación. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo con el propósito de identificar a través de una revisión documental de los informes finales de las tesis de grados de los residentes de Medicina General Integral, del municipio Matanzas, durante los cursos curso 2014-2015 y 2015-2016, en la Universidad de Ciencia Médicas de Matanzas. Las tesis analizadas coinciden con el universo de estudio. Para la recolección de la información primaria se elaboró un formulario de recogida de datos donde se listaron aspectos propios del informe de investigación. Las dificultades detectada entre otras fueron, la formulación objetiva de la investigación, el método, definición del universo y la muestra, definición conceptual y operacionalización de variables, en la presentación de la información a través de tablas y gráfica, en las conclusiones y en la referenciación de la bibliografía (AU).


The Cuban university has grown in the field of research methodology, and the medical university has not stayed behind in this sense. The work of training for research is based on the different elements conforming the System of Science and Technological Innovation (SCeIT abbreviated in Spanish). In spite of the efforts, difficulties are still found in the research reports that are presented for evaluation. A qualitative study was carried out with the purpose of identifying the committed mistakes through a documental review of the grade theses´ final reports of the residents of General Integral Medicine, from the municipality of Matanzas, during the school years 2014-2015 and 2015-2016, in the University of Medical Sciences of Matanzas. The analyzed theses are the universe of study. For collecting the primary information, a form was elaborated listing items that are proper of the research reports. The main difficulties are the formulation of the research objectives, the method, the definition of the universe and the sample, the variables conceptual definition and operationalization, the representation of information in tables and graphics, conclusions and bibliographic references (AU).


Subject(s)
Humans , Research Design , Academic Dissertations as Topic , Education, Medical, Graduate , General Practice , Scientific Experimental Error , Internship and Residency , Research , Health Systems , Bias , Ethics Committees , Peer Review, Research , Education, Medical , Education, Professional , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Research Report
8.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 41: e54, 2017. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDS | ID: biblio-845696

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Las enfermedades no transmisibles representan la principal causa de muerte en el mundo entero, siendo responsables de 38 millones de las defunciones registradas en 2012. Esta epidemia se asocia, principalmente, al tabaquismo, al consumo excesivo de alcohol, el sedentarismo y cambios en el patrón alimentario, caracterizado por el consumo de dietas con un elevado contenido de azúcar y grasas saturadas, propio de los alimentos procesados y bebidas azucaradas, sumado a una escasa ingesta de frutas y hortalizas. El Ecuador no escapa a ese perfil epidemiológico ni a los cambios en el patrón de consumo de alimentos, por lo cual, el Estado Ecuatoriano diseñó e implementó un plan de acción orientado a modificar el entorno obesogénico, que contempla seis líneas estratégicas, una de las cuales es la implementación de un sistema de etiquetado nutricional tipo semáforo a los alimentos procesados, a finales de 2014, orientado a garantizar el derecho de las personas a la información oportuna, clara, precisa y no engañosa sobre el contenido y características de estos alimentos. El presente artículo analiza el proceso de implementación del etiquetado de alimentos procesados, los resultados alcanzados hasta la fecha y propone medidas complementarias que se requieren para el logro de la meta prevista en el Plan Nacional del Buen Vivir, a la luz de la nueva evidencia científica y los distintos acuerdos y marcos regulatorios disponibles en nuestra Región. La metodología de estudio incluyó revisión bibliográfica y de actas, entrevistas a informantes clave, y análisis y procesamiento de fuentes secundarias.


ABSTRACT Noncommunicable diseases are the world’s leading cause of death, responsible for 38 million deaths in 2012. This epidemic is primarily associated with smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, and changes in dietary patterns, characterized by diets high in sugar and saturated fat, typical of processed foods and sugar-sweetened beverages, plus low intake of fruits and vegetables. Ecuador is no exception to this epidemiological profile or to changes in eating patterns. Thus, Ecuador’s government designed and implemented an action plan aimed at changing the obesogenic environment, which includes six strategic lines. One of these is implementation of a traffic-light nutritional labeling system for processed foods, in late 2014, aimed at guaranteeing people’s right to timely, clear, accurate, and non-deceptive information on the content and characteristics of these foods. This article analyzes implementation of processed food labeling and results to date, and proposes complementary measures needed to reach the goal in the National Plan for Good Living, in light of new scientific evidence and different agreements and regulatory frameworks in our Region. Methods included a literature and documentary review, key informant interviews, and analysis and processing of secondary sources.


Subject(s)
Ecuador , Industrialized Foods , Social Control, Formal/methods , Noncommunicable Diseases , Health Policy
9.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 41: e71, 2017. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-845694

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Objetivos El objetivo del estudio fue mostrar la influencia de varios factores socioeconómicos en el desarrollo motor y del lenguaje de los niños menores de 5 años a partir del estudio de línea de base realizado en el marco del Programa Conjunto de Infancia, Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición, implementado por cinco agencias de Naciones Unidas en 65 distritos de los departamentos de Loreto, Ayacucho, Huancavelica y Apurímac de Perú. Métodos Se aplicaron modelos de regresión logística dicotómica para estimar la probabilidad de adquisición de los hitos motores y del lenguaje, y modelos de regresión polinomial para estimar el último hito y el número de hitos alcanzados. Se analizó la influencia de la educación de la madre, la ubicación de la vivienda (urbana o rural) y las necesidades básicas insatisfechas, sobre la diferencia entre el resultado alcanzado y el esperado para la edad. Resultados Los niños de áreas rurales, hijos de madres con baja escolaridad y pertenecientes a hogares con necesidades básicas insatisfechas exhiben valores más bajos en las dos áreas del desarrollo. El retraso se incrementa al aumentar el número de condiciones de riesgo. Conclusiones La evaluación del desarrollo y el acompañamiento a las familias en el proceso de crianza de los niños debe ser priorizado por los sistemas de salud y los programas sociales. Los instrumentos utilizados han sido sensibles a tres criterios de validación.


ABSTRACT Objectives The objective of the study was to demonstrate the influence of several socioeconomic factors on the motor and language development of children under 5 from the baseline study conducted within the framework of the Joint Program for Children, Food Security, and Nutrition, implemented by five United Nations agencies across 65 districts in the departments of Loreto, Ayacucho, Huancavelica, and Apurímac, Peru. Methods Dichotomous logistic regression models were used to estimate the likelihood of achievement of motor and language milestones, while polynomial regression models were used to estimate the last milestone achieved and the number of milestones achieved. The study analyzes the influence that maternal education, urban vs. rural housing, and unmet basic needs have on the difference between actual results and expected results for age was analyzed. Results Children living in rural areas, those whose mothers had low educational attainment, and those from households with unmet basic needs exhibited poorer outcomes in the two areas of development assessed. As the number of risk factors increased, so did the developmental delay. Conclusions Evaluation of child development and follow-up of families during the child-rearing process should be prioritized by health systems and social programs. The instruments used were sensitive to three criteria for validation.


RESUMO Objetivos Examinar a influência de vários fatores socioeconômicos no desenvolvimento motor e da linguagem de crianças menores de cinco anos com base no estudo de referência realizado como parte do Programa Conjunto de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional de Crianças, implementado por cinco agências das Nações Unidas em 65 distritos das províncias de Loreto, Ayacucho, Huancavelica e Apurímac, no Peru. Métodos Foram empregados modelos de regressão logística dicotômica para estimar a probabilidade de aquisição dos marcos de desenvolvimento motor e de linguagem, e modelos de regressão polinomial para estimar o último marco e o número de marcos alcançados. Foi analisada a influência do nível educacional materno, zona de moradia (urbana ou rural) e necessidades básicas não satisfeitas na diferença entre o resultado alcançado e o esperado para a idade. Resultados As crianças de zonas rurais, filhos de mães com baixa escolaridade e pertencentes a domicílios com necessidades básicas não satisfeitas apresentam valores menores nas duas áreas do desenvolvimento estudadas. O atraso é maior à medida que aumenta o número de condições de risco. Conclusões A avaliação do desenvolvimento e o acompanhamento das famílias no processo de criação infantil devem ser priorizados pelos sistemas de saúde e programas sociais. Os instrumentos usados mostraram ser sensíveis aos três critérios de validação.


Subject(s)
Poverty , Socioeconomic Factors , Child Development , Cross-Sectional Studies , Peru
10.
Arch. cardiol. Méx ; 86(3): 233-243, jul.-sep. 2016. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-838380

ABSTRACT

La omentina es una nueva adipocina a la que se le ha atribuido la capacidad de regular actividades metabólicas (sensibilidad a la insulina) y antiinflamatorias, ofreciendo protección cardiovascular en la obesidad y diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Por lo anterior, es importante conocer los mecanismos a través de los cuales confiere protección cardiovascular, con el objetivo de considerar la omentina como blanco o agente terapéutico en este escenario.


The omentin is an adipokine, which role is due to the capacity of regulate metabolic (insulin sensitivity) and anti-inflammatory activities, thus conferring vascular protection during obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2. By this, it is important to know the mechanisms by which omentin confers cardiovascular protection, with the purpose of establish omentin a possible therapeutic target or molecule on this scenario.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cytokines/physiology , Inflammation/etiology , Lectins/physiology , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology , Energy Metabolism , GPI-Linked Proteins/physiology , Obesity/etiology
11.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 38(1): 49-56, jul. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-761797

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el estado nutricional de los menores de 5 años, indígenas y no indígenas, de dos provincias de la Amazonia peruana. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo y transversal representativo de familias con niños menores de cinco años residentes en las provincias de Bagua y Condorcanqui en Perú. El estudio incluyó entrevista a la madre o cuidador del(os) niño(s), evaluación antropométrica, hemoglobina en sangre capilar, búsqueda de parásitos intestinales en los niños menores de 5 años, acceso a los servicios de salud, antecedentes de infecciones respiratorias agudas y enfermedades diarreicas agudas, condición socioeconómica y consumo de sal inadecuadamente yodada. Mediante métodos lineares generalizados se identificaron los determinantes de la desnutrición crónica y anemia infantil en cada población de estudio. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 986 familias y 1 372 niños. La prevalencia de desnutrición crónica fue mayor en la población indígena respecto de la no indígena (56,2% versus 21,9%), igual que la anemia (51,3% versus 40,9%). Los determinantes de la desnutrición crónica fueron diferentes en ambas poblaciones. En indígenas, prevaleció la edad mayor a 36 meses (OR 2,21; IC95% 1,61-3, 04) y vivienda inadecuada (OR 2,9; IC95% 1,19-7,11), mientras que en los no indígenas, la pobreza extrema (OR 2,31; IC95% 1,50 - 3,55) y el parto institucional (OR 3,1; IC95% 2,00-4,83). CONCLUSIONES: Existen marcadas brechas entre la población indígena y la población no indígena respecto de las condiciones de vida, acceso a servicios de salud y estado nutricional de menores de 5 años. Se requiere asignar particular atención a la población indígena a fin de adecuar las modalidades de entrega de los programas y servicios que ofrece el Estado en dichos contextos.


PURPOSE: Evaluate the nutritional status of indigenous and nonindigenous children under 5 in two provinces in the Peruvian Amazon. METHODS:. Descriptive cross-sectional representative study of families with children under 5 in the provinces of Bagua and Condorcanqui in Peru. The study consisted of an interview with the child's or children's mother or caregiver, anthropometric assessment, capillary hemoglobin measurement, screening for intestinal parasites in children under 5, access to health services, history of acute respiratory infections and acute diarrheal diseases, socioeconomic status, and intake of inadequately iodized salt. Using generalized linear methods, the determinants of chronic malnutrition and anemia in children were identified in each study population. RESULTS:. A total of 986 families and 1 372 children were assessed. The prevalence of chronic malnutrition was higher in the indigenous population than in the nonindigenous population (56.2% versus 21.9%); likewise for anemia (51.3% versus 40.9%). The determinants of chronic malnutrition in the two populations differed. In the indigenous population, the main determinants were an age of more than 36 months (OR 2.21; CI95% 1.61-3.04) and substandard housing (OR 2.9; CI95% 1.19-7.11), while in the non-indigenous population, they were extreme poverty (OR 2.31; IC95% 1.50-3.55) and institutional birth (OR 3.1; IC95% 2.00-4.83). CONCLUSIONS: There are marked gaps between the indigenous population and the nonindigenous population in terms of living conditions, access to health services, and the nutritional status of children under 5. Particular attention should be paid to the indigenous population to improve the way state programs and services are delivered in these contexts.


Subject(s)
Health of Indigenous Peoples , Infant Nutrition , Peru
12.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 15(4): 356-359, July-Aug. 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: lil-595677

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cerebral toxoplasmosis (CT) continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in Brazil. In clinical practice, the initial diagnosis is usually presumptive and alternative diagnosis tools are necessary. Our objective was to evaluate whether the detection of high titers of IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii and T. gondii DNA in blood samples are associated with the diagnosis of CT. METHODS: In this case-control study we included 192 patients with HIV-1 infection: 64 patients with presumptive CT (cases) and 128 patients with other diseases (controls). Blood samples to perform indirect immunofluorescense reaction (IFI) to detect anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were collected before or within the first three days of anti-Toxoplasma therapy. Two multivariate logistic regression models were performed: one including the variable qualitative serology and another including quantitative serology. RESULTS: In the first model, positive IgG anti-T. gondii (OR 4.7, 95 percent CI 1.2-18.3; p = 0.027) and a positive T. gondii PCR result (OR 132, 95 percent CI 35-505; p < 0.001) were associated with the diagnosis. In the second model, IgG anti-T. gondii titres > 1:1024 (OR 7.6, 95 percent CI 2.3-25.1; p = 0.001) and a positive T. gondii PCR result (OR 147, 95 percent CI 35-613; p < 0.001) were associated with the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative serology and molecular diagnosis in peripheral blood samples were independently associated with the diagnosis of CT in HIV-infected patients. These diagnostic tools can contribute to a timely diagnosis of CT in settings where Toxoplasma infection is common in the general population.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , DNA, Protozoan/blood , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Toxoplasma/genetics , Toxoplasma/immunology , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/diagnosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/parasitology , Case-Control Studies , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sensitivity and Specificity
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